Introduction. The developed modified method of ultrasound gastric contents assessment in the patient’s position on the operating table with the head end raised by 30 degrees and with the operating table rotated to the right side by 30 degrees (30/30 position) allows evaluating the risk of aspiration without the need of physically turning the patient on the operating table and shows high diagnostic value comparable to the method on the right side. However, the unstable position of the patient made it difficult to implement it in clinical practice and required a reduction in the angles of the operating table.

The objective was to compare the data of ultrasound stomach volume assessment calculated using a modified formula with the patient in a 30/30 position on the operating table and with the patient in a position on the operating table with its head elevated by 15 degrees and rotated to the right side of the operating table by 15 degrees (15/15 position).

Materials and methods. The prospective observational study included 30 patients (14 men, 16 women). Ultrasound examination (U/S) of the stomach antrum was performed in the 15/15, 30/30, and right lateral decubitus. The volume of gastric contents was calculated using a modified formula for the 15/15 and 30/30 positions and the A. Perlas formula for the right lateral decubitus.

Results. After taking 200 ml of apple juice, the stomach antrum stretched and became more rounded, and hypoechoic fluid, which moved by gravity, was clearly visible. There were no statistical group differences in the volume of gastric contents between the 15/15 (162.01 (94.53; 205.20) ml), 30/30 (159.71 (113.04; 186.94) ml) and right lateral (160.59 (103.92; 192.23) ml) decubitus (p = 0.407). A detailed analysis between the groups, taking into account post-hoc comparisons, revealed no differences in the calculated gastric volume.

Conclusion. The study showed that the modified formula for measuring the gastric volume not only gives approximately the same results for predicting the risk of aspiration during induction of anesthesia for the 15/15 and 30/30 positions, but also maintains statistical comparability with the calculated volume of the stomach according to the A. Perlas formula on the right side.

Introduction. For effective pain relief in thoracic surgery, accurate monitoring of analgesia is essential. A promising method is pupillometry, which assesses the pupil’s response to pain faster and more accurately than traditional indicators (blood pressure, heart rate). The combination of pupillometry with electrocutaneous stimulation will make it possible to objectively assess the depth of analgesia and optimize anesthesia support in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries.

The objective was to assess whether stimulation pupillometry predicts the severity of the intraoperative nociceptive response and allows an objective comparison of the analgesic effectiveness of regional blockades in thoracoscopic operations.

Materials and methods. A blinded, placebo-controlled, prospective, single-center, randomized (envelope method) study to analyze the efficacy of combined anesthesia based on paravertebral block, serratus anterior plane block, intraoperative erector spinae plane block by electrocutaneous stimulation and pupillometry included 120 patients who underwent elective thoracoscopic surgery. All study participants were divided into 4 groups: 1 – combined general anesthesia – control group (CGA); 2 – combined anesthesia with paravertebral block (PVB); 3 – combined anesthesia with serratus anterior plane block (SAP block); 4 – combined anesthesia with erector spinae plane block (ESP- block). Electrocutaneous irritation and pupillometry were used to assess the analgesic effect of regional blockades at 4 stages of the perioperative period.

Results. Analysis of pain sensitivity thresholds did not reveal significant differences between the groups (p = 0.861), the median values were 7.0–8.0 mA. Nociceptive response by pupillometry revealed a statistically significant increase in pupil diameter in response to electrical stimulation and surgical incision in all groups (p ≤ 0.001), with the maximum increase in the CGA group compared to regional blockades (PVB, ESP, SAP). Hemodynamic parameters (mean BP, HR) showed unidirectional dynamics with a moderate increase in nociceptive stimulation. The largest increase in mean BP was noted in the CGA, the minimum – in the ESP block (p < 0.005). A similar pattern was observed for heart rate with a more pronounced response in the CGA and ESP block groups. An analysis of the need for opioid analgesics showed equivalent doses of fentanyl in all groups, but glucose levels were significantly higher with CGA and SAP block (p < 0.05), indicating a more pronounced stress response.

Conclusion. Regional methods of anesthesia provide more effective suppression of the nociceptive response compared to combined general anesthesia. The body’s response to electrodermal irritation can be used as a predictor of the intensity of the pain response.

Introduction. Regional anesthesia is gaining popularity in anesthesiology. In thoracoabdominal surgery, the ESP block (erector spinae plane block) and TPV block (thoracic paravertebral block) are frequently used. There is evidence of anesthetic penetration into the epidural space, leading to the development of a sympathetic block. We hypothesize that subtransversal administration of the anesthetic provides a more effective analgesic effect due to a greater influence on the sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nerves, and thoracoabdominal nerves with limited diffusion into the epidural space.

The objective was to conduct a comparative evaluation of the spread of contrast with anesthetic in the subtransversal space when performing ESP block, TPV block, and subtransvertal method of paravertebral block.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 30 cadavers: ESP-block group (n = 10), TPV-block group (n = 10), and subtransvertal method of paravertebral block group (n = 10). The procedure was performed at the level of Th7–Th8 under ultrasound guidance through an 18G needle with infusion of 20 ml of 0.2% Ropivacaine solution with contrast at a rate of 5 ml/min. Then, dissection was performed, and the area of dye spread and the degree of diffusion were analyzed.

Results. Statistically significant differences were found in the number of involved spinal nerve roots, splanchnic nerves, and the frequency of diffusion into the pleural cavity and internal organs (p < 0.05). The maximum number of involved spinal nerve roots was observed with ESP block (7 segments), and the minimum with TPV block (2 segments). The greatest spread along the splanchnic nerves and diffusion into the internal organs were recorded with the subtransversal method of paravertebral block. The frequency of intercostal vessel damage did not differ statistically (p > 0.05).

Conclusion. The subtransversal method of paravertebral block provides the greatest involvement of nerve structures, which allows us to hypothesize its effect on both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the method.

Introduction. Postoperative pain management in gynecological surgery remains a significant challenge, with many patients experiencing moderate-to-severe pain despite standard analgesic interventions. The risk of complications, such as bleeding and prolonged recovery, is heightened by the use of certain analgesics, emphasizing the need for optimal pain management strategies.

The objective was to compare the efficacy of two multimodal analgesic regimens: Ibuprofen– Paracetamol and Ketorolac- Paracetamol on pain, coagulation and IL-6 levels.

Materials and methods. A double-blind randomized trial was conducted with 40 patients who underwent gynecological surgery. Group 1 received IV Ibuprofen (400 mg) + Paracetamol (1000 mg); Group 2 received IV Ketorolac (30 mg) + Paracetamol (1000 mg). Pain (NRS), clotting time (CT), bleeding time (BT), and IL-6 were assessed at 6, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively.

Results. Pain scores and CT did not differ significantly between the groups. The Ketorolac group showed a significant increase in BT at 24 and 48 hours (p < 0.05), while the Ibuprofen group had significantly lower IL-6 levels at 24 hours (p < 0.05).

Conclusion. Both regimens were equally effective in pain control. However, Ketorolac- Paracetamol significantly prolonged the bleeding time, whereas Ibuprofen-Paracetamol was more effective in reducing inflammation by lowering IL-6 levels. These differences should be considered, especially in patients at risk of bleeding.

Introduction. Prognostication in patients with chronic critical illness (CCI) remains a major clinical challenge. Traditional severity scores designed for admission assessment progressively lose their predictive accuracy with longer ICU stays. In contrast, consciousness assessment scales such as the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score, and Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) were primarily developed for clinical characterization of patient status, while their prognostic potential in long-term ICU patients has not been sufficiently investigated.

The objective was to evaluate the prognostic value of consciousness level assessment scales in patients with chronic critical illness relative to the time period preceding the outcome (recovery or death).

Materials and methods. An analysis of real-world clinical data from the RICD v 2.0 database was conducted. The study included patients with chronic critical illness following acute brain injury. Level of consciousness was assessed using the FOUR, GCS, and CRS-R scales within three timeframes relative to the outcome: within 7 days, 8–14 days, and more than 14 days prior to death or discharge from the ICU. The prognostic value of the scores for the clinical outcome was assessed using ROC analysis and comparative statistics.

Results. The study included 1,239 patients. A total of 4,773 sequential FOUR score, 4,875 GCS, and 2,437 CRS-R assessments were analyzed. A progressive increase in the prognostic value of the GCS was observed as the assessment timepoint moved closer to the outcome: the AUROC was 0.571 for assessments performed more than 14 days before the outcome, 0.622 for the 8–14 day period, and 0.718 for the period within 7 days of the outcome. For the FOUR scale, the AUROC values for the corresponding time periods were 0.607, 0.685, and 0.756, respectively. For the CRS-R, the values were 0.555, 0.556, and 0.699.

Conclusion. The prognostic accuracy of the FOUR, GCS, and CRS-R scales for mortality in patients with chronic critical illness increases as the outcome approaches, peaking within 7 days prior to the event.

Introduction. Orthotopic heart transplantation remains the most effective treatment for end-stage heart failure; however, postoperative outcomes are largely determined by the patient’s nutritional status. Traditional markers, such as body mass index and serum albumin levels, are often uninformative due to overhydratation and systemic inflammation. Bioelectrical impedance analysis provides a non-invasive method for assessing body composition and cellular integrity, but its application in heart transplant recipients has been insufficiently studied.

The objective was to evaluate the dynamics of body composition and functional parameters obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis in the early postoperative period after heart transplantation and to determine their association with clinical outcomes.

Materials and Methods. This single-center prospective observational study included 47 patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed on postoperative days 3–5, 6–9, and 10–14, measuring phase angle, fat-free mass, extracellular-to-total body water ratio, and other parameters. Laboratory markers of nutritional status (albumin and total serum protein) and clinical outcomes (30-day mortality, infectious complications, duration of stay in the intensive care unit) were analyzed. Statistical analysis comprised correlation tests, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and linear regression models.

Results. Within the first 14 days, a statistically significant decrease in bioimpedance analysis parameters was observed against the background of increased hyperhydration. Lower phase angle values and higher extracellular-to-total body water ratios were associated with hypoalbuminemia, infectious complications, and 30-day mortality. Phase angle demonstrated high prognostic accuracy for mortality (area under the curve 0.82–0.89). Prolonged intensive care unit stay correlated with increased hyperhydration and reduced phase angle.

Conclusion. Parameters obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis, particularly phase angle and fluid distribution, are significant predictors of adverse clinical outcomes after heart transplantation. Incorporating this method into early postoperative monitoring may optimize nutritional support and improve risk stratification. Further multicenter studies are needed to validate these findings.

Introduction. Early detection of patients with a high risk of death in sepsis makes it possible to optimize intensive care.

The objective of the study was to perform a comparative assessment of the prognostic values of various laboratory indicators and their combinations in predicting mortality in patients with sepsis.

Materials and methods. We analyzed the medical records of 280 patients diagnosed with sepsis. Levels of more than 50 laboratory parameters were assessed upon admission in groups of patients who survived and those who died during treatment. The discriminatory abilities of the identified laboratory predictors were assessed using ROC analysis. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to assess survival.

Results. Among the studied patients, the mortality rate was 50%. Differences between the groups of surviving and deceased patients were identified according to levels of urea, total protein, albumin, lactate, pH, platelet and neutrophil count. The lowest level α (p < 0.001) was found for the ratio of urea to creatinine and lactate to albumin. Based on this, an integral biomarker consisting of the product of these two parameters was calculated and analyzed. Its values also differed between groups and amounted to 3.9 (2.9–6.8) and 9.8 (4.8–18.8) in the group of surviving and deceased patients, respectively (p < 0.001). When performing ROC analysis, the optimal cut-off point for our predictor, separating survivors from deceased patients, was 6.6 with an AUC of 0.758 (95% CI 0.693–0.813), with a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 75%, exceeding similar indicators for the APACHE II scale. We also found that patients with low levels of our proposed predictor had a threefold increase in median survival compared to the subgroup of patients with high levels (23 days and 8 days, respectively; p < 0.001).

Conclusion. An integrated indicator based on plasma levels of urea, creatinine, lactate, and albumin is a simple and accessible biomarker for early prediction of mortality in patients with sepsis.

Introduction. The choice of extracorporeal blood purification (EBP) tactics for septic shock (SS) complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI) remains an unresolved clinical problem.

The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of various EBP approaches in SS management.

Materials and methods. Three groups were included in the study: group 1 (n = 34) received conservative therapy and hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) for urgent indications; group 2 (n = 35) received early isolated CVVHDF; group 3 (n = 32) received early combined EBP (selective plasmapheresis with CVVHDF). We conducted a comparative analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters.

Results. Application of early combined EBP as part of intensive therapy by day 3 provided a significantly better stabilization of mean arterial pressure – in 37.7% of cases (p = 0.001) – compared to isolated EBP in the early (18.3%, p = 0.042) and delayed periods (12.8%, p = 0.016); reduced organ dysfunction severity (p = 0.002) compared to day 5 outcomes with early isolated EBP (p = 0.021). ICU and hospital stays were 10.5 (6.7; 15) and 21 (18; 25) days respectively, versus 15 (9.5; 20) and 24 (17.5; 27.5) days for early isolated EBP (p = 0.054 and p = 0.267), and 21 (13.2; 26) and 27.5 (22; 41) days for delayed EBP (p = 0.001 for both). Mortality was 28.1% in the combined group versus 42.9% for early isolated EBP (p = 0.112) and 58.7% for delayed EBP (p = 0.012).

Conclusions. Combined EBP as part of intensive therapy enables faster hemodynamic stabilization, improves patients’ clinical status, and leads to better disease outcomes.

The objective was to study the effect of the volume of infusion therapy on the level of endothelial dysfunction markers in patients with acute severe pancreatitis.

Materials and methods. The study involved 46 patients with acute severe pancreatitis aged 45 (35; 59) years. Depending on the daily infusion volume, all patients were divided into 2 groups: those with a daily infusion volume of more than 5,000 ml and those with a daily infusion volume less than 5,000 ml. The study was performed in 7 stages during 14 days of the early phase of the disease. The dynamics of markers of endothelial dysfunction (syndecan-1, vascular endothelial growth factor and intercellular adhesion molecules) and their differences between the groups were analyzed.

Results. In patients of group 1 with an infusion volume of more than 5,000 ml/day, by day 14 of the disease, the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and syndecan-1 increased from 343.91 (194.81; 812.94) pg/ml to 1,597.21 (980.0; 1,622.55) pg/ml (p = 0.037) and from 1.54 (0.50; 5.99) ng/ml to 6.32 (5.05; 6.49) ng/ml (p = 0.036), respectively, the level of intercellular adhesion molecules decreased from 84.10 (61.31; 105.36) ng/ml to 55.15 (46.44; 70.21) ng/ml (p = 0.005). In patients of group 2 with an infusion volume of less than 5,000 ml/day, a stable level of all the above-mentioned markers of endothelial dysfunction were observed throughout the early phase of the disease. The mortality rate in group 1 was 45%, while in group 2 it was 17% (p = 0,015).

Conclusion. In patients with acute severe pancreatitis with an initial infusion volume of more than 5,000 ml/day, an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor, syndecan-1, and a decrease in the level of intercellular adhesion molecules were noted. An infusion volume of less than 5,000 ml/day has less damaging effect on the endothelium, which is accompanied by a stable level of the above-mentioned markers of endothelial dysfunction.

Introduction. A new form of coronavirus δ (SARS-CoV-2) caused the development of the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2019–2022, which claimed more than 7 million lives. COVID-19 infection is accompanied by a rapid deterioration in the health of patients with the development of a generalized systemic inflammatory response due to increased production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IFN-γ) is a cytokine storm (CS). To relieve this condition, it is proposed to use monoclonal antibodies against IL-6 – tocilizumab, olokizumab.

The objective was to investigate the clinical efficacy of the inhibitor of IL-6 (olokizumab) against the background of standard (basic) therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 infection.

Materials and methods. A single-center clinical retrospective study included 266 patients (124 men and 142 women, aged 19–103, 70.7 ± 15.4 years) who had a positive PCR test result for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and were treated at the City Hospital No. 40 of the Kurortny District of St. Petersburg in 2020–2024. The main endpoints of the study were biological death or discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). All patients received basic antibacterial and antiviral therapy with favipiravir or remdesivir. Olokizumab (n = 87) was used in 103 patients with CS.

Results. The use of olokizumab was accompanied by a decrease in the degree of respiratory failure (0.11 ± 0.05 points versus 1.94 ± 0.23 points, p < 0.000001), the number of points on the NEWS scale (0.59 ± 0.10 versus 6.41 ± 0.84 points, p < 0.000001), the form of the disease according to CT (1.79 ± 0.09 versus 3.27 ± 0.30 points, p < 0.000001), as well as the percentage of hydrothorax (26.4 ± 5.0% versus 64.7 ± 11.0%, p < 0.0026) and the comorbidity index (3.88 ± 0.31 versus 6.17 ± 0.66 points, p < 0.0018) in discharged patients compared to the fatal outcome group. In addition, olokizumab therapy was accompanied by a significant decrease in IL-6 levels by day 3 in both discharged (42.19 ± 6.29 pg/ml, p < 0.0001) and fatal (83.64 ± 22.769 pg/ml, p = 0.004658) patients compared to baseline values upon admission. There was a significant decrease in IL-6 levels in discharged patients compared to the fatal group (p = 0.002415). An increase in IL-6 levels above 50 pg/ml in COVID-19 patients treated with olokizumab was statistically significantly (p = 0.0002) associated with a 14.3 – fold increase in the risk of death. An increase in the respiratory failure degree over 1 point, NEWS morbidity level over 4–5 points, CT disease form over 2 points, and comorbidity index over 5 points increased the risk of death in patients receiving olokizumab by 7.4, 91.1, 6.2, and 12.6 times, respectively. Olokizumab administration resulted in a discharge rate of 80.5% (n = 70, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions. The use of olokizumab in patients with severe COVID-19 was effective in terms of clinical parameters: the degree of respiratory failure, the number of points on the NEWS scale, the form of the disease on CT, the percentage of hydrothorax and the comorbidity index, as well as the level of IL-6, which can be used as criteria for the effectiveness of therapy in patients with COVID-19.

The fibrinolysis system is one of the most important regulators of homeostasis and participates in maintaining stable blood flow. The key element of this system is the balance of plasminogen activators and inhibitors, which can be considered as markers of normal physiological and pathological reactions. The use of laboratory determination of the level of the tissue plasminogen activator/tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (t-PA/PAI-1) complex in clinical practice is promising in diagnostic and prognostic terms as a biomarker of increased thrombotic risk in the early stages of the development of complications of the disease. This review will provide up-to-date information on the structure, functions, diagnostic capabilities, and use in medical practice of such a marker of thrombotic risk as the t-PA/PAI-1 complex in VTE, sepsis, DIC and oncology.

Introduction. The article presents an analysis of modern approaches to predicting urosepsis development, focusing on biomarker research and diagnostic methods. The study is relevant due to the high prevalence of urosepsis, which accounts for 31.4% of all clinical forms of sepsis.

The objective was to determine the diagnostic significance and systematization of biomarkers of urosepsis in acute purulent pyelonephritis, to identify existing contradictions for further study of this problem.

Materials and methods. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) methodology, searching PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar with keywords: «biomarkers» OR «cytokines» OR «gene expression» OR «interleukin-6» AND «sepsis» AND «systemic inflammatory response syndrome» AND «pyelonephritis» (last search: May 30, 2025), with inclusion criteria based on PICOD: (P - population) patients with urosepsis due to acute purulent pyelonephritis; (I - intervention) prediction of urosepsis development using biomarkers; (C - comparison) patients with uncomplicated acute purulent pyelonephritis; (O - outcomes) development of sepsis in acute purulent pyelonephritis; (D - study design) prospective/retrospective cohort studies, and exclusion criteria: insufficient relevant data or interesting results, duplicate publications, uncomplicated course of acute (or exacerbation of chronic) pyelonephritis, lack of full-text version, reviews and meta-analyses, with research quality analysis conducted using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS).

Results. A total of 39 studies involving 38,021 patients were selected, with the majority receiving more than 6 points on the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), indicating high-quality research, and during the systematization of the obtained data, biomarkers were categorized according to the degree of their implementation in clinical practice; in terms of functionality and mechanism of action.

Conclusion. The findings of the scoping review identified reliable predictors of urosepsis development and progression, which can significantly improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction. Total hip arthroplasty is currently the standard treatment for end-stage osteoarthritis. However, this type of surgery is associated with the development of intense postoperative pain. Modern approaches to pain management are based on the principle of multimodal analgesia, which widely utilizes various methods of local anesthesia. The recent development of ultrasound technology and its integration into anesthesiology has significantly improved the safety and efficacy of peripheral nerve blocks. This review discusses the clinical efficacy of two popular peripheral nerve blocks used in multimodal analgesia regimens: the Fascia Iliaca Block and the Pericapsular Nerve Group Block.

Materials and methods. The search for publications (1973–2024) was carried out in databases eLibrary.ru, PubMed, Google Scholar. A total of 50 publications were included, of which 45 were clinical studies.

Conclusion. Current evidence generally confirms the effectiveness of using regional anesthesia techniques such as FIB and PENG block as a part of multimodal analgesia in patients after primary THA. This approach provides an opioid-sparing effect, reduces the risk of various complications, and promotes early mobilization. However, there are currently insufficient data to provide clear recommendations for most aspects of the application of these blocks.

Introduction. The article focuses on exploring the possibilities of intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia therapy (IHHT) as an effective and safe method for neurorehabilitation of patients who have suffered severe brain injuries and remain in a state of chronic critical illness. Literature review of scientific publications indicates that IHHT can activate important adaptive mechanisms, modulate antioxidant pathways, improve mitochondrial function, and stimulate neuroplasticity.

The objective was to review current data on the mechanisms of intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia therapy and evaluate its potential as a treatment and rehabilitation strategy for patients with chronic critical illness following severe cerebrovascular events in neurological intensive care units.

Materials and Methods. We conducted a literature review using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, RSCI, and eLibrary. The analysis included 43 sources presenting up-to-date clinical and experimental approaches to the use of IHHT, its underlying mechanisms, and efficacy assessment. In addition, the article also includes the authors’ ICU experience with IHHT in chronically critically ill patients following severe cerebral catastrophes.

Results. IHHT has been shown to activate several key adaptive mechanisms, including the expression of HIF-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha) and HIF-2α (Hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha), modulation of antioxidant pathways involving Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), improvement of mitochondrial function, stimulation of angiogenesis and neuroplasticity. Positive clinical effects are observed when therapy parameters are carefully individualized and safety is closely monitored. The method shows promising potential for integration into personalized therapeutic and rehabilitation protocols in intensive care settings.

Conclusion. Intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia therapy represents a promising adjunctive approach for ICU patients with sequelae of severe cerebral catastrophes, enhancing endogenous recovery mechanisms. In the future, multicenter clinical studies are required to standardize the method, refine indications and contraindications, and develop clinical protocols for its use in intensive care.

Introduction. Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units. The heterogeneity of the population of these patients determines the need to search for new technologies for stratification of its severity. One of these methods is Raman spectroscopy, which allows to perform molecular analysis of biological fluids without lengthy sample preparation.

The objective was to analyze the possibilities of using Raman spectroscopy for phenotyping of patients with sepsis.

Materials and methods. A review of current studies in which Raman spectroscopy has been used to identify biomarkers of inflammation, bacterial pathogens, and to assess the immune response in patients with suspected sepsis.

Results. It is noted that the Raman spectroscopy technology demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of infectious processes, including the determination of antibiotic sensitivity and real-time monitoring of treatment. The main limitations of the method remain the high cost of equipment and the need for qualified personnel.

Conclusion. The development of portable systems and algorithms for automatic spectral processing contributes to the expansion of the clinical application of Raman spectroscopy.