Sevoflurane is one of the widely used inhalation anesthetics as well as desflurane, which started to be used in Russia in 2012. These drugs possess similar properties; however, desflurane provides faster restoration of cognitive functions and reduces the time to extubation. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of properties of these medications on pharmacoeconomic parameters. The objective is to evaluate pharmacoeconomic parameters of anesthesia with desflurane and sevoflurane in a medical unit, investigating their impact on the performance of surgical teams and opportunity to introduce Fast-track surgery in the Russian Federation. Methods. For the purpose of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), the time period for simulation of the compared regimens made 1 year. And the time period for budget impact analysis (BIA) and additional analysis of Fast-Track surgery made 3 years. Results of randomized clinical trials were used as a source of data on safety and clinical efficiency. The simulated groups (100 patients each) were formed for the purpose of analysis. The decision tree was used, including all direct medical costs of anesthesia, and surgery in general (dextral hemicolectomy was analyzed). The number of surgeries performed in case of the maximum load in a medical unit was used as an efficiency criterion for CEA, and the full scope of costs for additional surgeries was also included. Result: Desflurane demonstrated maximum absolute efficiency, expressed as the number of surgeries in case of the maximum load in a medical unit, i.e. the best rate of cost-effectiveness (CER). CER for the regimen with desflurane made 63,251 RUR and CER for the one with sevoflurane made 63,841 RUR, The budget impact analysis showed that use of desflurane reduced the budget costs by 153,467 RUR during 3 years (provided that there are 247 surgeries per year and 3 surgeries per day). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the invariance of the obtained results. Analysis of potential introduction of Fast-Track surgeries showed that its use was associated with reduction of budget costs by 8,013,182 RUR. Conclusion: Use of anesthesia with desflurane resulted in higher effectiveness and was the most cost-effective providing reduction of budget costs.

Reforming of medical personnel training in Russia is on-going and inevitable. However, the transfer to continuous medical education causes numerous questions in practicing medical specialists. The objective is to assess the awareness of anesthesiologists and emergency physicians of future reforms of medical education, their readiness to learning. Methods: 10 questions about important aspects of transfer to continuous medical education were compiled and placed on the website of Anesthesiologists and Emergency Physicians Association (http://ассоциация-ар.рф). Almost 100 specialists from various regions participated in this voluntary anonymous inquiry. Results show the lack of information on continuous medical education among practicing doctors and poor readiness of some specialists to the planned reforming of medical training, as well as the risk that some specialists will stop working in medicine. Conclusion. Some deeper explanation of the reforms is needed, the legislature is to be improved and opinions of specialists are to be monitored.

The objective of the study: to determine factors and mechanisms of the epidural catheter knotting. Three clinical cases of the epidural catheter knotting have been studied, and 80 bench tests of catheters made of polyamide and polyether block amide have been run. It has been found out that the extension of the length in the inserted catheter and the speed of its extraction result in the higher risk of knotting. Polyether block amide catheters versus polyamide ones are safer respective the potential knotting, A certain algorithm of actions for a doctor has been offered in order to prevent knotting and breakage of the catheter.

According to experimental data, morphine possesses certain anti-inflammatory properties, which can reduce the manifestations of system inflammatory response (SIR) after cardiopulmonary bypass. Objective: to investigate the effect of various narcotic analgesics on the activity of some SIR markers during peri-operative period of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Subjects and methods. During the one-centered randomized prospective study, the changes in the concentration of interleukin-6, (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were followed up before cardiopulmonary bypass, and in 1, 3 and 24 hours after it in 60 patients, randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients of Group 1 (n = 30) received anesthesia with phentanyl, those from Group 2 (n = 30) received morphine. The groups did not differ in their clinical and demographic parameters and surgery types, performed in them. Results. The significant increase in the concentration of all inflammatory markers was observed in 1 hour after cardiopulmonary bypass was off, which was the evidence of SIR development. In the Group on morphine, the activity of markers was lower versus the Group on phentanyl. Thus, concentration of IL-6 in 3 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass made 155 (113; 180) versus 178 (102; 236) pg/ml (p = 0.006), IL-8 in 1 hour after cardiopulmonary bypass made 37.4 (25.4; 50.2) versus 52.6 (24; 91.4) pg/ml (p = 0,03), in 1 hour the level of TNF achieved 10.7 (8.6; 15.9) versus 15.7 (11.4; 23.1) pg/ml (p = 0.01), and in 3 hours it made − 9.7 (8.3; 13.8) versus 14.1 (9.6; 18.8) pg/ml (p = 0.04). However, there was no difference in the clinical course parameters between the Groups. Conclusion. The obtained results prove the morphine potential to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory markers when used during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Endotoxicosis is one of the main factors of the pathogenesis of multiple organic dysfunctions in gram-negative sepsis, induced by the accumulation of lipopolysaccharides - wall components of gram-negative bacteria. In vitro removal of them (LPS-adsorption) promotes better treatment outcomes in sepsis patients. Development and introduction of the Russian tools for LPS-adsorption becomes more crucial. Objective: to evaluate the efficiency and safety of the column of Toxipak for endotoxin removal, manufactured by POCARD Ltd. Materials and methods: 7 adult sepsis patients who had LPS-adsorption were included into the study. The changes of the following parameters were monitored in the patients: temperature, pulse, arterial pressure, respiration rate, central venous pressure, oxygen saturation, hourly rate of diuresis, oxygenation index was calculated, hematologic and biochemical blood parameters were tested as well as coagulation system rates, endotoxin level, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, and interleukins (IL) 1, 6, 8. Criteria of the system inflammatory response and SOFA score were used for the comprehensive evaluation of clinical status. The adverse events, duration of stay in the intensive care ward and 18- and 24-day mortality were followed up during manipulations. Results: the studied column provided no negative effect on the cellular and biochemical composition, main parameters of clotting system and acid-base balance of blood. Its use resulted in the reduction of endotoxin (LPS) (by 64%), CRP (by 14%), IL-1 (by 38%) in blood, increase of oxygenation index, and renal function improvement. LPS adsorption promoted the reduction of clinical and laboratory signs of system inflammatory response, and severity of organ dysfunction (from 6.0 to 3.0 as per SOFA score) in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Conclusion: Toxipak column is safe and efficient for removal of endotoxins from blood.

Artificial pulmonary ventilation (APV) is one of the main methods of intensive care, but it differs greatly from natural external respiration and can promote post-operative pulmonary complications (POPC). The objective of the review is to evaluate the efficiency of protective APV in general and its certain components (small respiratory volume, high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and alveolar mobilization maneuver) in the reduction of risk of POPC in the patients with intact lungs undergoing abdomen surgery. Conclusion. The protective APV in the peri-operative period of abdomen surgery reduces the frequency of post-operative pulmonary complications but provides no impact on mortality. The main component of protective APV is small respiratory volume while using high PEEP and alveolar mobilization maneuver in the open surgery in the non-obese patients is still to be discussed. In laparoscopic surgery and obese patients, it is feasible to combine small respiratory volume, high PEEP and alveolar mobilization maneuver.

Prolongation of QT interval is a predictor of fatal disorders of cardiac rhythm and sudden death. Side effects of medications is one of the main causes of prolonged QT interval. In the clinical practice, drugs with potential and conventional risks of QT interval prolongation are combined. Threats of such a combination can be amplified if there is a potential of the drugs' interaction on the metabolic level. Materials and methods. In order to detect cases of drug-induced QT interval prolongation, 935 medical files of patients registered at the municipal polyclinic were analyzed. The website of drugs.com was used to categorize clinical significance of interaction between drugs. Results. In a municipal polyclinic, pharmacotherapy of those with coronary disease is administered without consideration of predicted drug interaction, related to changes in the activity of isoenzymes of cytochrome P450. The prescription of clinically significant potentially dangerous combination of amiodarone + torasemide makes 13.3% out of a total number of drug combinations, causing prolongation of QT interval. The potential mechanism of interaction between amiodarone and torasemide, providing impact on QT interval prolongation on the metabolic level is a competition of substrates on the level of CYP 2C8 and the result of CYP 2C9 inhibiting by amiodarone. Conclusion: The potential to predict the prolongation of QT interval resulting from drug interaction and replacement of drugs in such combinations with some other will allow enhancing the safety of combined pharmacotherapy with drugs with potential and conventional risks of QT interval prolongation.

Trauma injuries account for high mortality and disability in the cohort of the employable population. Pulmonary infectious complications in those injured with multiple traumas contribute the most to mortality of such patients. The article describes risk factors, causative agents, pathologic physiology and specific features of diagnostics of nosocomial pneumonia in those with multiple traumas. Special attention is paid to study of state and variants of the immune response to multiple trauma and related issues on using polymorphism of genes controlling the release of certain cytokines in order to improve diagnostics and prognosis of the course and outcome of nosocomial pneumonia in this group of patients.

The level of thiamine in critically ill patients can be low due to the loss of fluid, nutrition disorders and increased metabolism. The deficiency of thiamine is associated with reduction of respiratory metabolism, increase in lactate level and hypotension. At present, there are no clear evidence that all critically ill patients suffer from thiamine deficiency and face the risk to develop complications associated with thiamine deficiency. However, there is a certain correlation between progressing of thiamine deficiency and deterioration of the patient's state, though it is to be proved. The efficiency of treatment with thiamine is still being discussed since there is no consensus about the group of patients to be treated, thiamine doses and duration of treatment. For successful diagnostics and prediction of clinical outcomes related to thiamine deficiency, it is necessary to adopt standard methods for thiamine tests and the reference analytic method.

The literature review describes current approaches to management of patients with acute cerebral lesions and intracranial hypertension, complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It presents the stages of ventilation strategy evolution in patients with ARDS. The effect of the increase in intrathoracic pressure on system hemodynamics parameters during artificial pulmonary ventilation (APV) is demonstrated. The data on changes in venous return and arterial pressure are presented. The review describes the current understanding of the correlation between pulmonary mechanics and central hemodynamics and effect of these factors on cerebral hemodynamics. The brief description of intracranial tension and cerebral compliance is given. The publication presents the results of up-to-date studies on specific parameters of PEEP optimization in the patients with concurrent acute cerebral lesions, intracranial hypertension, and development of ARDS. Numerous studies were devoted to optimization of APV in case of ARDS, but currently one can not unambiguously conclude about the safe level of PEEP if there is intracranial hypertension. The authors of the article agree with the opinion that more prospective randomized studies are needed and advanced multi-parameter cerebral monitoring is required in case of concurrent pulmonary and cerebral disorders.

Portal venous gas is a relatively rare case in clinical practice. Initially, the development of portal venous gas was associated with the life-threatening intra-abdominal disorder, which as a rule required emergency surgery. Introduction of new achievements in diagnostics resulted in the more frequent registration of portal venous gas in various abdominal disorders and after invasive surgery. A large volume of gas can result in the portal obstruction with development of portal hypertension and portal-systemic anastomoses. Gas can migrate from portal vein into system venous blood flow through liver or portal-systemic anastomoses in case of no abnormality, and cause pulmonary gaseous embolism which can be followed by arterial embolism. The article presents the clinical case of the patient suffering from pancreatic gland tumor, in whom portal venous gas followed by arterial embolism was detected in the post-operative period.